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保護工業文化遺產 傳承人民兵工精神（上）

　　兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器工(gong)(gong)(gong)業是我黨最早創建和領(ling)導的軍事(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業部(bu)門(men)，是我國(guo)國(guo)防科(ke)技工(gong)(gong)(gong)業的搖籃和基礎，發源于(yu)星火燎原(yuan)的中(zhong)(zhong)央革命(ming)蘇(su)區，成長于(yu)艱苦(ku)卓絕的敵后抗(kang)日烽火和波瀾壯闊(kuo)的人(ren)(ren)民(min)解放戰爭(zheng)，壯大在(zai)新中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成立以來的建設和改革時期，孕育了“把一(yi)切獻(xian)給黨”和“自力更生、艱苦(ku)奮斗、開拓進取(qu)、無私(si)奉獻(xian)”的人(ren)(ren)民(min)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精神，形(xing)成和建設了一(yi)大批見(jian)證人(ren)(ren)民(min)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)發展、承載(zai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器工(gong)(gong)(gong)業文化的工(gong)(gong)(gong)業遺產。

　　一、工業文化遺產現狀

　　習近平(ping)總(zong)書記強調，要從堅(jian)定文化(hua)自信、堅(jian)持和發展(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會主義、實現中(zhong)華(hua)民族偉大復(fu)興的高度(du)，切實把中(zhong)華(hua)優秀傳(chuan)統文化(hua)傳(chuan)承發展(zhan)工作擺上重要日(ri)程。中(zhong)國(guo)兵器工業集團有限公司(si)工業文化(hua)遺產(chan)種類(lei)豐(feng)富，包括歷史建筑、車間廠房、機器設(she)備等(deng)類(lei)型(xing);時間跨度(du)長，涵蓋近代洋務運(yun)動、民國(guo)初(chu)期、革命(ming)戰爭(zheng)年(nian)代(土(tu)地革命(ming)、抗日(ri)戰爭(zheng)、解(jie)放戰爭(zheng))、一五建設(she)、三線建設(she)等(deng)重大歷史時期;保存現狀較好、運(yun)用(yong)價值(zhi)較高，許多(duo)屬于極(ji)具文物(wu)價值(zhi)及藝術價值(zhi)的珍貴文化(hua)遺產(chan)，還有許多(duo)處于被保護和實際利(li)用(yong)狀態。2018年(nian)，在國(guo)務院國(guo)資委編印的《中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)企業歷史文化(hua)遺產(chan)圖冊》中(zhong)，集團公司(si)有10項工業文化(hua)遺產(chan)入選，總(zong)量居入選央(yang)(yang)企前列。

　　(一(yi))中(zhong)央軍委兵工(gong)廠舊(jiu)址。位于江西(xi)興國縣蓮塘(tang)區官田村(cun)，創建(jian)于1931年(nian)第三(san)次反“圍剿”后(hou)，是當時紅軍最(zui)大(da)的(de)兵工(gong)廠，共有近4000余平米建(jian)筑。

　　它的(de)(de)誕生標志(zhi)著中國(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨獨立創(chuang)辦的(de)(de)第一(yi)家綜合性兵工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)形成，是我軍武器(qi)裝備(bei)工(gong)(gong)業發展(zhan)的(de)(de)鼻祖。中央(yang)軍委兵工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)，當(dang)時對(dui)外稱為“中央(yang)紅(hong)軍兵工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)”或“中央(yang)蘇區紅(hong)軍兵工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)”。設槍(qiang)炮科(ke)和彈藥科(ke)。槍(qiang)炮科(ke)有工(gong)(gong)人200余人，彈藥科(ke)有工(gong)(gong)人百余人。1932年夏，在槍(qiang)炮科(ke)、彈藥科(ke)的(de)(de)基礎上，組建槍(qiang)炮廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、雜(za)械廠(chang)(chang)(chang)和彈藥廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。2010年，集團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)司按照“修舊(jiu)補(bu)舊(jiu)、恢復(fu)原貌”的(de)(de)原則，與(yu)兵器(qi)裝備(bei)集團(tuan)(tuan)各出(chu)資500萬元對(dui)中央(yang)軍委兵工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)舊(jiu)址(zhi)進行(xing)了修復(fu)，規劃總面積183公(gong)頃。2013年、2014年，集團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)司和興國(guo)(guo)縣先后多種方式進行(xing)了舊(jiu)址(zhi)群建設。2015年，規劃編制了官田(tian)中國(guo)(guo)傳統村落(luo)文物(wu)保護工(gong)(gong)程總體(ti)方案，對(dui)官田(tian)村內本(ben)體(ti)建筑用材(cai)和建筑風格與(yu)舊(jiu)址(zhi)群同時代的(de)(de)房屋進行(xing)維修和環境整治(zhi)，對(dui)舊(jiu)址(zhi)群陳列館進行(xing)展(zhan)品更新。

　　(二)劉(liu)伯承(cheng)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)舊(jiu)址(zhi)。位于(yu)山(shan)西長治，前身(shen)是(shi)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，創建(jian)(jian)于(yu)1945年(nian)11月，是(shi)華北地(di)(di)區(qu)最大(da)的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)1700多人，占軍(jun)(jun)區(qu)所屬(shu)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總數的(de)(de)17%，主要(yao)生產82迫彈，下屬(shu)2個(ge)分廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7個(ge)部和(he)2個(ge)科(ke)2個(ge)股。廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)部設在(zai)南(nan)石槽村的(de)(de)裴家大(da)院。該建(jian)(jian)筑是(shi)典型的(de)(de)晉(jin)商民(min)(min)宅，建(jian)(jian)筑面積900余平米，至(zhi)今(jin)保(bao)存完好。抗(kang)戰(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)，這里是(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)黨(dang)領導下的(de)(de)山(shan)西省(sheng)第(di)(di)(di)五抗(kang)日(ri)專(zhuan)署的(de)(de)所在(zai)地(di)(di)，是(shi)目前山(shan)西唯一(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)保(bao)存完好的(de)(de)抗(kang)戰(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)專(zhuan)署級政權舊(jiu)址(zhi)。2015年(nian)，國(guo)務院公(gong)布為“第(di)(di)(di)二批(pi)國(guo)家級抗(kang)戰(zhan)(zhan)紀(ji)念設施、遺址(zhi)”。繼我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)次國(guo)內革命戰(zhan)(zhan)爭時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)中央軍(jun)(jun)委兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)抗(kang)日(ri)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)敵后(hou)最大(da)的(de)(de)黃崖洞(dong)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之后(hou)，劉(liu)伯承(cheng)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)是(shi)由我(wo)(wo)(wo)黨(dang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)親(qin)自創立建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)成(cheng)建(jian)(jian)制(zhi)、成(cheng)體制(zhi)、成(cheng)規模，在(zai)晉(jin)、冀、魯、豫地(di)(di)區(qu)享有(you)盛譽的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、軍(jun)(jun)火基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)代表，是(shi)軍(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文化的(de)(de)脊梁。劉(liu)伯承(cheng)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)帶動了(le)一(yi)批(pi)基(ji)(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展，先后(hou)走出342廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、304廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、307廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、374廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、519廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、河(he)南(nan)紅宇、河(he)南(nan)川(chuan)光(guang)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)等軍(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)，包建(jian)(jian)、援建(jian)(jian)北京、河(he)北、河(he)南(nan)、陜(shan)西、甘肅等30多個(ge)三線企業(ye)。2014年(nian)，劉(liu)伯承(cheng)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)舊(jiu)址(zhi)被確定為全(quan)國(guo)軍(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文化教(jiao)育基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)。2016年(nian)，獲山(shan)西省(sheng)第(di)(di)(di)五批(pi)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。2017年(nian)，被集團公(gong)司確定為人民(min)(min)兵(bing)(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精神紅色教(jiao)育“一(yi)校五址(zhi)”重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分。

　　(三(san))太原(yuan)(yuan)兵(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)遺產(chan)。位于(yu)山西太原(yuan)(yuan)，前(qian)身是(shi)山西機(ji)器局(ju)，創(chuang)建(jian)于(yu)1898年，是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)繼洋務運動(dong)后、目前(qian)唯一(yi)保持在創(chuang)建(jian)原(yuan)(yuan)址(zhi)(zhi)上繼續(xu)從事(shi)兵(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)的(de)企業(ye)(ye)，是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)目前(qian)軍事(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)文化遺產(chan)保存最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)完好(hao)、歷(li)史最(zui)(zui)悠久(jiu)的(de)舊址(zhi)(zhi)，見證了我國(guo)(guo)在軍事(shi)生產(chan)技(ji)術發展過(guo)(guo)程的(de)軍事(shi)科技(ji)發展狀況(kuang)和(he)水平(ping)(ping)，形(xing)成(cheng)了特有(you)的(de)以軍事(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)見長的(de)民(min)(min)族工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)文化遺產(chan)。有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)建(jian)筑(zhu)遺產(chan)23棟，占(zhan)(zhan)地5.4萬平(ping)(ping)米，建(jian)筑(zhu)風格是(shi)典型的(de)中西合璧的(de)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)蘇(su)俄廠房建(jian)筑(zhu)，有(you)機(ji)器設備(bei)遺產(chan)225臺 / 套(tao)、武器裝備(bei)27臺 / 套(tao)、軍工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品遺產(chan)5540件(jian)(jian)、辦(ban)(ban)公家具(ju)及用品213件(jian)(jian)、相關檔(dang)案資(zi)料615冊、不同歷(li)史時(shi)(shi)期照(zhao)片1200余幅。現(xian)已創(chuang)建(jian)“1898晉(jin)(jin)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)遺址(zhi)(zhi)保護區”，目前(qian)完成(cheng)修復改造(zao)的(de)“晉(jin)(jin)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)坊”占(zhan)(zhan)地1200平(ping)(ping)米，以民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)車間修繕為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)(jin)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)博物館(guan)(guan);“太原(yuan)(yuan)兵(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)運動(dong)紀念(nian)(nian)館(guan)(guan)”占(zhan)(zhan)地300平(ping)(ping)米，以民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)庫舊址(zhi)(zhi)修繕為(wei)(wei)紀念(nian)(nian)館(guan)(guan)空間，反映太原(yuan)(yuan)兵(bing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)開展反帝反封建(jian)，建(jian)立山西第(di)一(yi)個共青團、工(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)和(he)黨的(de)組織的(de)紀念(nian)(nian)場(chang)所;“山西機(ji)器局(ju)舊址(zhi)(zhi)展館(guan)(guan)”占(zhan)(zhan)地130平(ping)(ping)米，還原(yuan)(yuan)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期辦(ban)(ban)公歷(li)史場(chang)景;“現(xian)代火炮陳(chen)列館(guan)(guan)”占(zhan)(zhan)地2000平(ping)(ping)米，利用“一(yi)五”時(shi)(shi)期的(de)廠房等，打造(zao)國(guo)(guo)防教育基地。當前(qian)，正通過(guo)(guo)多種(zhong)方式，建(jian)造(zao)晉(jin)(jin)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)坊創(chuang)意體驗(yan)館(guan)(guan)、科技(ji)文創(chuang)藝(yi)展空間。

　　(四)三(san)線建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)時期軍(jun)工(gong)遺址(zhi)。位于(yu)湖北老河口市(shi)洪山嘴(zui)鎮蘇家河村(cun)，占(zhan)地(di)4000余畝，是(shi)(shi)(shi)上世(shi)紀六(liu)、七十年代國家為(wei)備戰之需興建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)“三(san)線建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)”軍(jun)工(gong)企業，所(suo)有(you)車(che)間廠(chang)房的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)均(jun)按照軍(jun)工(gong)企業的(de)標(biao)準高質量(liang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。遺址(zhi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群由三(san)大區(qu)域組成：即(ji)廠(chang)區(qu)、職(zhi)工(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)區(qu)和辦(ban)公(gong)服務區(qu)。大部(bu)分(fen)廠(chang)房、辦(ban)公(gong)區(qu)、生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)區(qu)等一直(zhi)發揮著基本功(gong)能并保(bao)持著原(yuan)址(zhi)原(yuan)貌，是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個保(bao)存完整(zheng)、是(shi)(shi)(shi)華(hua)中地(di)區(qu)為(wei)數不多“三(san)線建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)”時期面(mian)積最大、保(bao)存最完好的(de)軍(jun)工(gong)遺址(zhi)之一。車(che)間廠(chang)房主跨柱、梁、屋架全用(yong)杉木構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。全部(bu)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)均(jun)為(wei)卯榫成型(xing)，廠(chang)房兩(liang)端為(wei)凸(tu)字(zi)型(xing)山墻，所(suo)有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)均(jun)為(wei)紅磚砌筑(zhu)(zhu)，水泥勾(gou)縫。附屬(shu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)廠(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)指揮部(bu)、辦(ban)公(gong)樓(lou)、食(shi)堂、倉庫、職(zhi)工(gong)大學、鐵路專用(yong)線以及(ji)工(gong)人俱樂部(bu)、招待所(suo)、溜冰場等，此外，場內還(huan)有(you)大量(liang)的(de)器械設(she)(she)(she)備、軍(jun)工(gong)產品、生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)生(sheng)產用(yong)品、文(wen)(wen)件(jian)檔(dang)案等。2017年被列為(wei)襄陽(yang)市(shi)第四批文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。

　　除了以上4個(ge)典(dian)型的(de)工(gong)業(ye)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產，集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)司的(de)重要工(gong)業(ye)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產還(huan)包括(kuo)：山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)特種工(gong)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)所(suo)屬(shu)的(de)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)人民兵工(gong)舊址，始建于抗戰(zhan)時期，是(shi)當時山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)革命根據(ju)地兵工(gong)廠(chang)匯集(ji)(ji)、重組、新建之地，是(shi)承上啟下關(guan)鍵歷(li)史(shi)階段的(de)見證;瀘州北方化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)公(gong)司所(suo)屬(shu)的(de)洞(dong)窩水電(dian)(dian)站，由九三學(xue)(xue)社創始人之一(yi)稅西恒1922年(nian)(nian)(nian)修建，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)被國(guo)民政府23兵工(gong)廠(chang)收購(gou)，兩臺(tai)上世紀40代(dai)(dai)美國(guo)通用(yong)公(gong)司生產的(de)水輪發電(dian)(dian)機組，至今(jin)(jin)仍(reng)在運行發電(dian)(dian)，是(shi)我國(guo)近現代(dai)(dai)工(gong)業(ye)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產的(de)典(dian)型代(dai)(dai)表;云南北方夜視(shi)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)所(suo)屬(shu)的(de)光(guang)學(xue)(xue)歷(li)史(shi)博物館，館內收藏著中國(guo)光(guang)學(xue)(xue)史(shi)上的(de)多個(ge)“第(di)一(yi)”：中國(guo)第(di)一(yi)具(ju)軍(jun)用(yong)望遠鏡、第(di)一(yi)具(ju)炮火(huo)瞄準鏡、第(di)一(yi)個(ge)光(guang)學(xue)(xue)玻(bo)璃熔煉(lian)爐、第(di)一(yi)具(ju)自(zi)主(zhu)研發的(de)一(yi)米對空測距機;北方材(cai)料院所(suo)屬(shu)的(de)“山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機器(qi)局”工(gong)務堂、老工(gong)坊(fang)、火(huo)藥庫，是(shi)洋務運動時期山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)巡(xun)撫丁寶楨創辦的(de)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機器(qi)局的(de)遺留建筑，迄(qi)今(jin)(jin)140余(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史(shi)，是(shi)近代(dai)(dai)民族兵器(qi)工(gong)業(ye)發展的(de)歷(li)史(shi)見證。(羅建勤)